Hill climbing is a local search algorithm used to find an optimal solution in optimization problems. It starts with an initial solution and iteratively improves it by making incremental changes. The algorithm explores neighboring solutions and moves towards the solution that maximizes or minimizes the objective function, depending on whether it is a maximization or …
A* (pronounced “A-star”) is a popular heuristic search algorithm used for pathfinding and graph traversal problems. It is an extension of the uniform-cost search algorithm, combining the advantages of both uniform-cost search and greedy best-first search. The A* algorithm uses a heuristic function, denoted as h(n), which provides an estimate of the cost from a …
Heuristic search is a problem-solving technique used in artificial intelligence (AI) and computer science to find an optimal or near-optimal solution in a complex search space. It involves using heuristics, which are approximate methods or rules of thumb, to guide the search process towards potentially promising areas. In heuristic search, a search algorithm explores a …
Iterative Deepening is a graph search algorithm that combines the benefits of both breadth-first search (BFS) and depth-first search (DFS) algorithms. It is particularly useful when the search space is large and the depth of the solution is not known in advance. The main idea behind Iterative Deepening is to repeatedly perform DFS with an …
BFS stands for Breadth-First Search. It is a graph traversal algorithm used to explore or search through all the vertices of a graph in breadth-first order, i.e., exploring all vertices at the same depth level before moving to vertices at the next depth level. Here’s a step-by-step explanation of how BFS works: Start with a …
DFS, or Depth-First Search, is an uninformed search algorithm used to explore or traverse a graph or tree data structure. It starts at an initial node, explores as far as possible along each branch before backtracking, and continues this process until all reachable nodes have been visited or a specific condition is met. DFS operates …
Uninformed search, also known as blind search, is a search technique used in artificial intelligence and computer science to explore a problem space without having any prior knowledge about the structure or characteristics of the space. Uninformed search algorithms make decisions solely based on the available information and do not incorporate domain-specific knowledge or heuristics. …
Knowledge-based systems employ various search techniques to retrieve relevant information from the knowledge base. Here are some commonly used search techniques in knowledge-based systems: Forward Chaining: Forward chaining starts with a set of initial facts or data and applies rules and inference mechanisms to derive new conclusions. It iteratively expands the knowledge base by deriving …
Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) is a branch of public key cryptography that utilizes the mathematical properties of elliptic curves to provide secure and efficient cryptographic operations. ECC offers strong security with shorter key lengths compared to traditional algorithms like RSA, making it particularly useful in resource-constrained environments such as mobile devices and IoT devices. Here …
Elliptic curve arithmetic refers to the mathematical operations performed on points on an elliptic curve. Elliptic curves offer a mathematical framework for cryptographic algorithms, particularly in elliptic curve cryptography (ECC). ECC provides secure and efficient cryptographic operations using elliptic curve arithmetic. Here are the key operations involved in elliptic curve arithmetic: Point Addition: Given two …
